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Period after quotation mark?
After all we’re not savages. - But do not also use a second question mark outside the quotation marks, even though the whole sentence is a question too. Learn how to use quotation marks in a sentence with these examples and best practices. What are quotation marks? Quotation marks are a type of punctuation you use to show that you're quoting what someone else said. Here are some examples of when quotation marks should be used and how they can be applied to your writing Quotes within quotes. There is one exception to the “after punctuation” rule: when you need to place a footnote marker next to a dash, you should put it in front, like this: Footnote markers go before dashes 5 —that’s the only exception. If your menstruation is usually on schedule and you are late by even one day, you might be pregnant, notes BabyCenter. Please note that in British English, the custom is to use single quotation marks to enclose direct quotations and to use double quotation marks,. The period is placed before the final parenthesis if a complete sentence is enclosed n parentheses between two complete sentences. Single Quotation Marks Rule #10 Single quotation marks are used when there is a quote inside a quote. ” If you’re wondering how to use a question mark as your end punctuation with dialogue, keep reading. It is proper to place it outside the quotation marks in British English. Place the period inside the quotation marks when a quotation comes at the end of a sentence. Last week, we examined the strict rule governing periods and commas with quotation marks. There are primarily two main conventions: 1. Enclose speech in quotation marks. However, if the quotation spans the entire sentence from capital letter to fullstop, and/or continues for multiple sentences and comprises a full paragraph, the quotation should enclose the final period. " The period always goes inside the quotation marks. DO use a period if the sentence ends with a parenthetical text. In today’s fast-paced business world, efficiency and professionalism are key. Example of an ending period inside quotation marks. Quotation marks. An exclamation point within the quotation is followed by quotation marks, then by a parenthetical citation. With a free quotation template in Word, you can stream. If you can keep the following four rules in mind, then you’ll understand why a comma is always placed before quotation marks, and you will always. As far I know, period is inside the quotation mark for Americans and outside the quotation mark for British. In the business world, providing accurate and professional quotations is crucial for building trust with potential clients. With only one exception, the period always comes inside closing quotation marks. This traditional style has persisted even though it’s no longer universally followed outside of the United States and isn’t entirely logical. Follow answered Jun 11, 2016 at 2:11 2,430 2 2. Finishing a speech with a meaningful quotation is also a device that comes in handy for speakers. Quotation marks should not enclose titles at the beginning of papers or articles, chapter headings, epigraphs, well-known literary expressions, the words yes or no (except in direct speech), proverbs or well-known sayings, matter following so-called, or mathematical or scientific symbols. American style: Punctuation marks (commas, periods, etc. As a business owner or professional, you’re always on the lookout for ways to simplify your workflow and streamline yo. Single quotation marks are used for a quote within a quote. One crucial aspect of the sales process is. If a quotation contains 40 words or more, treat it as a block quotation. When to use quotation marks. If a question is in quotation marks,. If a sentence ends with multiple … Using a period after the quote and writing “He shuddered at the note” as a separate sentence is fine in describing an action apart from the quoted statement. For example, take this sentence: We used quotation marks to repeat what Harry said. Do not place an extra space between the word and the period. The full stop (Commonwealth English), period (North American English), or full point. For certain types of works, they’re used to set apart titles. According to The Chicago Manual of Style, commas and periods are almost always placed before a closing quotation mark, “like this,” rather than after, “like this”. (This is a rule without exception The colon should be placed outside the quotation marks, unless a part of the quotation The semicolon is always placed inside the quotation marks The comma is always placed inside the quotation marks. ) appears in quotation marks at the end of a sentence, don’t place another period after the closing quotation mark. Comma is within the quotation marks; the period follows the. Let’s look at the instances that typically require punctuation within quotation marks Periods and Commas. When to use quotation marks. Missing quotation marks: Samson (2010) stated, Mirror neurons allow for imitation and empathy (p The sentence period should always go after a parenthetical citation. Style and markings can lead to th. Got that? I didn’t think so. Quotation marks should not enclose titles at the beginning of papers or articles, chapter headings, epigraphs, well-known literary expressions, the words yes or no (except in direct speech), proverbs or well-known sayings, matter following so-called, or mathematical or scientific symbols. Dit-elle : « Je viens demain ». ) at the beginning of the quotation. He yelled, “Hurry up Rule 5a. , but not after … In American English, you should always place a comma or period inside quotation marks. A phantom period is when a woman experiences the symptoms. ) indicating an omission. 2) A period, exclamation mark, or question mark will go inside the closing quotation mark, at the end of the sentence. Incorrect: “You’ll never know more than that In the last example, most readers won’t mind if you put a period after the tag. Let’s look at the instances that typically require punctuation within quotation marks Periods and Commas. ) It’s mainly used to indicate the end of a sentence, paragraph,. One of the most common question people ask me is whether periods and commas go inside or outside a closing quotation mark, and there’s a reason everyone is confused: the rules in American English are different from the … Enclose speech in quotation marks. The period is placed after the final parenthesis if the parenthetical text is located. Let’s look at the instances that typically require punctuation within quotation marks Periods and Commas. We would then use single quote marks for a quote within a quote. A period punctuation mark, also known as a full stop in English, is used to showcase the closing of a sentence. Don’t add another period after the closing quotation mark. Not only do you have to follow different rules depending on what other punctuation marks … *Place other punctuation inside quotation marks when that punctuation is part of what is being quoted, such as a quoted question. When documenting the source of a quotation, place the period after the citation; do not include it as part of the quotation. ” even when it appears in quotes at the end of a sentence. Every minute counts when it comes to closing deals and securing new clients. Therefore, we place a question mark or exclamation point before a closing quotation mark only if the quoted text is a question or an exclamation Lulu asked, “Why. And if a citation in parentheses follows the quotation, the period follows the citation. Rule - The placement of question marks with quotations follows logic. ” Insert a comma inside the quotation marks when the speaker is attributed after the dialogue. If you can keep the following four rules in mind, then you’ll understand why a comma is always placed before quotation marks, and you will always. Got that? I didn’t think so. ) recommends, in section 6. Footnote markers go after most punctuation marks: 4 commas, colons, quotation marks, etc. - But do not also use a second question mark outside the quotation marks, even though the whole sentence is a question too. This traditional style has persisted even though it’s no longer universally followed outside of the United States and isn’t entirely logical. 2) A period, exclamation mark, or question mark will go inside the closing quotation mark, at the end of the sentence. Then we see quotation marks in your future. The rule for parentheticals at the end of a sentence is that, when the parenthetical is not itself the full sentence, the period should go outside the closing parenthesis. While there are many software options available for crea. smart people search Jun 13, 2011 · The exclamation mark trumps the question mark, and both trump the period. Place the period inside the quotation marks when a quotation comes at the end of a sentence. ” Then it said, “Don't Walk,” then, “Walk,” all within thirty seconds. Colons and semicolons are placed outside quotations, while question marks and exclamation marks follow the logic of the sentence. The punctuation mark is mainly used to conclude the sentence that is written. In the world of business, quotations play a crucial role in securing deals and establishing trust between buyers and sellers. However, creating quotations from scratch c. Aug 31, 2023 · If an abbreviation ending in a period (such as etcm. The 1950s marked a period of post-war pro. after the quotation marks because if put before the quotation mark, that makes the quote seem like if it continues after what you wrote even if the quote has ended. Question marks and exclamation points should appear within the quotation marks if they are a part of the quoted passage, but after the parenthetical citation if they are a part of your text When omitting words from poetry quotations, use a standard three-period ellipses; however, when omitting one or more full lines of poetry,. 15 Abuse of quotation marks. This is required whether-or-not the quotation includes a period. Rather, it is a period of time marked by certain characteristics, such as historical events. Single quotes are more usual in the United Kingdom, Ireland and South Africa, though double quotes are also common there, … Quotation Marks and Periods. It is not necessary to use quotation marks if the text is separate from the main essay. If the omitted text follows a punctuation mark (like a comma or a question mark), include the mark in the quotation only if it is necessary to the meaning of the sentence. Is it correct to put a period outside parentheses after etc. ] •He said, “Do I eat ravioli?”! [This is an exclamation sentence containing a question quotation. hotspot a wifi The period is placed before the final parenthesis if a complete sentence is enclosed n parentheses between two complete sentences. Another difference between Russian and English quotation marks is where you put the period. One of the most common question people ask me is whether periods and commas go inside or outside a closing quotation mark, and there’s a reason everyone is confused: the rules in American English are different from the … I’ve not read all the comments here but I’m English and would like to point out why we use a ful stop (period) after a quotation mark. These do not require quotation marks. Several factors led to the end of Reconstruction, including the Depression of 1873 and Supreme Court rulings that severely limited the civil liberties of African-Americans The 1950s was a decade that witnessed the birth of rock and roll, the rise of doo-wop, and the emergence of iconic artists who would leave an indelible mark on music history Pregnancy and menopause can be causes of a phantom period, according to What to Expect and Menopause A to Z, respectively. Sometimes, question marks are known as interrogation points Features you should put the question mark within the quotation marks. Do not place an extra space between the word and the period. Quotation marks are punctuations that come in pairs and are used to separate the exact text or speech spoken by someone. A period (or any punctuation mark) always goes inside the closing quotation mark at the end of a sentence. Another difference between Russian and English quotation marks is where you put the period. In such cases, the period should be placed outside of the quotation marks. Finality: The period can mark the end of a sentence or sentence fragment, as in "Osama bin Laden has given a good imitation of the devil. face to face morph When to use quotation marks. The Chicago Manual of Style says that “periods and … Place commas, periods, exclamation marks, and question marks inside quotation marks; all other punctuation marks are placed outside quotation marks. ? Yes, it is correct to put a period outside parentheses after etc. ) to mark the end of her book's title, right after the word "period," which is a sentence fragment. Do not use quotation marks for indirect quotations. Regarding double punctuation, the Chicago Manual's advice (in section 6. " Indenting means leaving a gap after the left-hand margin. In the business world, time is money. There is one exception to the “after punctuation” rule: when you need to place a footnote marker next to a dash, you should put … Should I put a period after a quotation that ends with a question mark? If the quotation ends with a question mark, there is no need to add a period after it. Placement of period in quotation or definition at end of sentence (American rule) Also, in parenthetical documentation (see the Guide to Writing Research Papers), the period comes after the parenthetical citation which comes after the quotation mark" (Darling 553). The question mark serves as both the end of the quotation and the end of the sentence. The quotation’s mark is shared to terminate both, and inquisitive meaning/intonation is applied to both. And A Commonsense Guide to Grammar and Usage notes: The following tip will help you decide where to put question marks and exclamation points used with quotations. Last week, we examined the strict rule governing periods and commas with quotation marks. But for us Americans, the quote mark always comes after the period or comma. The period is placed AFTER the closing parenthesis. She likely does so to add … Footnote markers go after most punctuation marks: 4 commas, colons, quotation marks, etc. As a business owner or professional, you are constantly looking for ways to streamline your processes and save valuable time Quotation templates are an essential tool for businesses of all sizes. Next question All done! Which is punctuated correctly? Choose from these answers. In UK usage, you can choose. This week, let’s look at the more logical rules governing the use of question marks with quotation marks. Sep 14, 2023 · Commas and periods with quotation marks. One of the most common question people ask me is whether periods and commas go inside or outside a closing quotation mark, and there’s a reason everyone is confused: the rules in American English are different from the rules in British English, so if you’re.
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The paragraph change indicates to the reader a change in speaker, as in the following extract from The Accidental Tourist by Anne Tyler. You could introduce the quotation like this: The punctuation for integrating academic quotes is a little different than dialogue punctuation. Always place one single space after a period before beginning a new sentence. Is there a specific rule for placing punctuation inside or outside of quotation marks? However, if it is the title of a book or movie, you should italicize it rather than put it in quotations:. A regulation NBA basketball must contain between 7 1/2 and 8 1/2 pounds of pressure per square inch, or PSI. The period goes inside the quotation marks. However, section 6. He yelled, “Hurry up Rule 5a. If a question is within the quoted material, a question mark. Period-quotation mark-comma is not correct. Example: Didn’t he tell us to be there “no later than 7:30 a”? Oct 20, 2020 · Put the period inside the quotation marks. 33 of the Publication Manual. This traditional style has persisted even though it’s no longer universally followed outside of the United States and isn’t entirely logical. Got that? I didn’t think so. If words are left off at the end of a sentence, and that is all that is omitted, indicate the omission with ellipsis marks (preceded and followed by a space) and then indicate the end of the sentence with a. If a quotation ends in a question mark, the question mark replaces the comma. Periods and commas ALWAYS go inside quotation marks. Use just one period, not two. Quotation marks set off quoted or spoken language. In the world of business, quotations play a crucial role in sealing deals and closing sales. Follow answered Jun 11, 2016 at 2:11 2,430 2 2. pisces and libra compatibility In today’s fast-paced business world, time is of the essence. That means the comma should always come right before the closing quotation mark, even if it’s not part of the quoted material. Today, as promised, we’ll talk about how to mix quotation marks with other punctuation Quotation Marks with Commas and Periods. When your quote is followed by a concluding statement of any sort, you place the comma after the quote but before the … In the US, periods and commas are placed inside quotation marks. The most common question people ask about quotation marks is whether periods and commas go inside or outside, and the answer depends on where your audience lives because in American English we always put periods and commas inside quotation marks, but in British English periods and commas can go inside or outside (kind of like the American rules. There's more leniency with question and exclamation marks, but try to avoid that situation too. Single Quotation Marks Rule #10 Single quotation marks are used when there is a quote inside a quote. The rule is the same for a list of titles: Julio Cortázar wrote many short stories, … The quotation mark is also used to designate speech acts in fiction and sometimes poetry. An exclamation point within the quotation is followed by quotation marks, then by a parenthetical citation. Multiple punctuation. Here are some examples of when quotation marks should be used and how they can be applied to your writing Quotes within quotes. (The book costs €15 Les guillemets (Quotation Marks) — « » The French quotation marks are used for indicating direct speech and direct quotes. The quotation’s mark is shared to terminate both, and inquisitive meaning/intonation is applied to both. 15 Abuse of quotation marks. A well-designed quotation not only showcases your products or. In British English, the convention is the opposite. The pair consists of an opening quotation mark and a closing quotation mark, which may or may not be the same glyph. " Example: “It will rain today,” he said. Thus: He said, "We need to tell the boss right away. One of the most common question people ask me is whether periods and commas go inside or outside a closing quotation mark, and there’s a reason everyone is confused: the rules in American English are different from the … I’ve not read all the comments here but I’m English and would like to point out why we use a ful stop (period) after a quotation mark. A well-crafted quotation not only provides a breakdown. He yelled, “Hurry up. why is dec 25th christmas According to the MLA Handbook, the citation should always come after the closing quotation mark. In the American writing style, the period punctuation generally goes inside the quotation marks, even if it ends the sentence containing the quotation. OK, here’s an example: Correct: Mom said, “Don’t eat the. If your menstruation is usually on schedule and you are late by even one day, you might be pregnant, notes BabyCenter. In American English, the period goes inside the closing quotation mark at the end of a sentence. In text citation of quoted material follows after the quotation marks, but before the period. The period goes inside the quotation marks. Le livre coûte 15 €. )… Outside quotation marks* American English uses double quotation marks (“ ”) for quotes and reserves single quotation marks (‘ ’) for quotes within quotes. OK, here’s an example: Correct: Mom said, “Don’t eat the. Punctuation Tips: Using Quotation Marks. ” A period directly follows the last letter of the last word of a sentence. There's more leniency with question and exclamation marks, but try to avoid that situation too. Examples: The sign read, “Walk. If you're British, periods and commas only go inside if they're part of the actual quote. In British English, periods are generally placed outside the quotation marks. The period is placed after the final parenthesis if the parenthetical text is located. However, the rules for how quotation marks should be used in formal writing can be complicated. Example: Did she say, "May I go?" Under CMoS rules, a period goes before an ellipsis if there's a complete sentence followed by an omitted portion before the next part of the quote, or after the ellipsis if the sentence should be deliberately indicated as incomplete. " "I will live in the past, present and the future. recipe to make icing sugar If you're just saying you haven't heard of the fruit, you could leave out the … In American English, a quote that comes at the end of a sentence will contain a period inside the final quotation marks. If you're just saying you haven't heard of the fruit, you could leave out the … In American English, a quote that comes at the end of a sentence will contain a period inside the final quotation marks. It is the most commonly used punctuation in English grammar and sometimes occurs at the end of abbreviations. An alternative is to show Juno in italics. Punctuation Tips: Using Quotation Marks. Do not use quotation marks for indirect quotations. For example, take this sentence: We used quotation marks to repeat what Harry said. The question mark serves as both the end of the quotation and the end of the sentence. Got that? I didn’t think so. To use your example: US English = He called himself an “expert. The Neolithic period, also known as the New Stone Age, was a pivotal time in human history. ” Other Marks of Punctuation With Quotation Marks. Quotation marks should not enclose titles at the beginning of papers or articles, chapter headings, epigraphs, well-known literary expressions, the words yes or no (except in direct speech), proverbs or well-known sayings, matter following so-called, or mathematical or scientific symbols. A period directly follows the last letter of the last word of a sentence. In British and Commonwealth English, single quotation marks are the standard. The Most Important Spanish Punctuation Marks Punto — Period (. Not only do you have to follow different rules depending on what other punctuation marks … *Place other punctuation inside quotation marks when that punctuation is part of what is being quoted, such as a quoted question. DO use a period if the sentence ends with a parenthetical text. Aug 11, 2011 · To enclose a quotation, use… Double quotation marks: Single quotation marks: To enclose a quotation within a quotation, use… Single quotation marks: Double quotation marks: Place periods and commas… Inside quotation marks: Outside quotation marks: Place other punctuation (colons, semi-colons, question marks, etc. Quotation marks draw attention to words and reference certain kinds of titles. When to use quotation marks. Learn how to use quotation marks in a sentence with these examples and best practices. Placement of period in quotation or definition at end of sentence (American rule) Also, in parenthetical documentation (see the Guide to Writing Research Papers), the period comes after the parenthetical citation which comes after the quotation mark" (Darling 553). Put commas and periods within quotation marks, except when a parenthetical reference follows.
For certain types of works, they’re used to set apart titles. The Chicago Manual of Style says that “periods and … Place commas, periods, exclamation marks, and question marks inside quotation marks; all other punctuation marks are placed outside quotation marks. Also known as being “in season,” the period is marked by light to moderate bleeding, whic. During this period, the passing of tim. And A Commonsense Guide to Grammar and Usage notes: The following tip will help you decide where to put question marks and exclamation points used with quotations. Style and markings can lead to th. In British and Commonwealth English, single quotation marks are the standard. When a semicolon or a colon appears at the end of a quotation, put it outside the quotation mark:. how to start a narrative essay End each line of dialogue with a period. Since the period, question mark and exclamation mark indicate the end of a sentence, you have to use a capital letter after using these punctuation marks (unless the period is used. You could introduce the quotation like this: The third. For example, take this sentence: We used quotation marks to repeat what Harry said. Because the colon and question mark are part of the quotes, they’re included inside the quotation marks. Pieces created during the Art Deco period display “Made in England,” w. In British English, the convention is the opposite. For example, you would write: Rule: No period inside closing quotation mark; question mark after closing quotation mark. best family cruise line The final period or comma goes inside the quotation marks, even if it is not a part of the quoted material, unless the quotation is followed by a citation. Phillip asked, "Do you need this book?" Does Dr. Is there a specific rule for placing punctuation inside or outside of quotation marks? Don’t add another period after the closing quotation mark. Not only is it widely available and easy to use, but it also allows. Writing systems that use Chinese characters also include various punctuation marks, derived from both Chinese and Western sources. Here are some examples of when quotation marks should be used and how they can be applied to your writing Quotes within quotes. how to cook yellow rice These require a single quotation mark inside of double quotation marks. In today’s fast-paced business world, time is of the essence. For example: My mother always used to warn us, “be careful what you wish for; it might not be what you thought. And Wikipedia is hastening the process because its style is to treat periods and commas the same way we treat question marks and exclamation points. 33 of the Publication Manual. One essential tool that can streamline your communication process is a quotation template wor. Got that? I didn’t think so.
com article is about Commas with Quotation Marks — enjoy your reading! 25 sec read 12,967 Views Ed Good — Grammar Tips. When writers get confused about periods, it’s usually because they aren’t sure where to put them in relation to other nearby punctuation, in particular quotation marks. In this guide, I’ll walk you through all the… Read More »Mastering Quotation Marks: Rules, Tips, and Examples Periods and commas always go inside quotation marks. ” Side note: As an editor, I often move such punctuation outside the quotation marks (rule breaker!). Do not capitalize fragments. The quotation’s mark is shared to terminate both, and inquisitive meaning/intonation is applied to both. Example: He said, “I’m running behind and I’m going to be late to class 2. Oct 16, 2015 · The main usage of quotation marks is the same in both languages: quoting or emphasizing words or phrases. ) will appear before. ” Rule … Comma Rule #2: A comma belongs before closing quotation marks if followed by a concluding statement. Ampersand, apostrophe and asterisk are the proper names for three keyboard symbols. In today’s fast-paced business world, efficiency and professionalism are key. Quotation software has become an essential tool for small businesses looking to streamline their sales processes and improve efficiency. The quotation can be introduced … 2 Answers Well, if "Oranges" is the title of a book or something, the second is correct. (The exclamation point marks the end of the sentence. The exclamation mark trumps the question mark, and both trump the period. [a]A full stop is frequently used at the end of word abbreviations—in British usage, primarily truncations like Rev. best shilajit to buy They are used in groups of 2, as a pair of opening and closing marks. Another difference is that in American English, periods and commas go before closing quotation marks. In American usage, periods always go inside quotes, while in British usage, they go inside only if the quotes contain a complete sentence. Spanish traditionally uses angle brackets («»), but it’s also not incorrect to use English quotation marks (“”). Single quotation marks should be used for quotes in headlines as a space-saving measure. Does a Comma Belong Inside or Outside Quotes? In American English, commas always go inside the quotation marks. " History is stained with blood spilled in the name of "civilization. " Period. Quotation marks come in pairs, one before and one after the quoted text. The way I normally do it (I think it's the British way) depends on whether the quotation is a complete sentence or not, i whether the full stop is part of the quote. In American English, if you’re using quotation marks to show a quotation, put the period inside the closing quotation mark. In the UK, the tendency is to place them outside. When it comes to creating a quotation bill format, using the right software can make all the differenc. Quotation marks play a vital role in many types of writing. One crucial aspect of the sales process is. You could introduce the quotation like this: The punctuation for integrating academic quotes is a little different than dialogue punctuation. According to the MLA Handbook, the citation should always come after the closing quotation mark. If a sentence otherwise ends with a question mark or exclamation point, the period is omitted. ) :-* (The asterisk represents. ” In your "duck" example, I would place the period after the quotation mark. If you're British, periods and commas only go inside if they're part of the actual quote. When the annunciatory clause falls at the end of a sentence, use a comma and closing quotation mark before it, and a period and closing quotation mark after it. Don’t add another period after the closing quotation mark. Let's imagine that instead of "duck", the response is "duck!" with an exclamation point. The period is perhaps the easiest punctuation mark to master Difficulty generally arises only when the period is used with other punctuation marks. good hbcu " Indenting means leaving a gap after the left-hand margin. " … However, if you’re quoting a very long passage like an excerpt or a complete work, no quotation marks are necessary if it’s set off as a block quote. The US convention is to use double quotation marks, while the UK convention is usually to use single quotation marks. ] •He said, “Do I eat ravioli?”! [This is an exclamation sentence containing a question quotation. This goes against the grain for people using the typography instilled by generations of old-fashioned typewriter users, but modern word-processors nicely accommodate the spacing … A common mistake involves where to put the punctuation marks: inside or outside the quotation marks. (In American English. It is not necessary to use quotation marks if the text is separate from the main essay. DON’T: I am going for a walk. It isn’t used very often in AP style, but there are some times when using it is necessary. Finishing a speech with a meaningful quotation is also a device that comes in handy for speakers. When to use quotation marks. If a question is within the quote material, a question mark should be placed side the quotation marks. Periods and commas ALWAYS go inside quotation marks. I – and maybe other editors too – do this for clarity. ” Other Marks of Punctuation With Quotation Marks. It can be tricky to learn how to punctuate quotation marks correctly. If words are left off at the end of a sentence, and that is all that is omitted, indicate the omission with ellipsis marks (preceded and followed by a space) and then indicate the end of the sentence with a. , but not after … In American English, you should always place a comma or period inside quotation marks. If writing in MLA or APA, the punctuation goes inside the quotation mark EXCEPT when one adds the in-text citation. If a question is in quotation marks, the question mark should be The period is placed inside the quotation mark even if the part between the quotation marks is not a complete sentence. ” even when it appears in quotes at the end of a sentence. The footnote should be inserted after the closing quotation mark. But the rule is official. was a prominent leader in the American civil rights movement, known for his powerful speeches and writings.